Recently I learned something about DNA that blew my mind, and in this thread, I'll attempt to blow your mind as well. Behold: Chargaff's 2nd Parity Rule for DNA N-Grams.
If you are into cryptography or reverse engineering, you should love this.
Thread:
T G T C A G T
A C A G T C A
(note how the other strand is upside down - this matters!)
This is called Chargaff's 1st parity rule.
https://t.co/jD4cMt0PJ0
This is called Chargaff's 2nd parity rule.
For N=2, this says that percentage of CC (%CC) and %GG are also equal, as are %AG and %CT (complemented AND reversed) etc.
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2) The leading hypothesis is that the new variant evolved within just one person, chronically infected with the virus for so long it was able to evolve into a new, more infectious form.
same thing happened in Boston in another immunocompromised person that was sick for 155 days.
3) What happened in Boston with one 45 year old man who was highly infectious for 155 days straight before he died... is exactly what scientists think happened in Kent, England that gave rise to #B117.
Immunocompromised 45 year old suffered from #COVID19 for 155 days before he died. The virus was changing very quickly inside the man's body\u2014it acquired a big cluster of >20 mutations\u2014resembled the same ones seen in #B117 & #B1351. (NPR audio Part 1 of 2)\U0001f9f5https://t.co/7kWiBZ1xGk pic.twitter.com/ZJ7AExB78Y
— Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) February 8, 2021
4) Doctors were shocked to find virus has evolved many different forms inside of this one immunocompromised man. 20 new mutations in one virus, akin to the #B117. This is possibly how #B1351 in South Africa 🇿🇦 and #P1 in Brazil 🇧🇷 also evolved.
2) NPR report audio part 2 of 2:
— Eric Feigl-Ding (@DrEricDing) February 8, 2021
Dr. Li couldn't believe what they found. "I was shocked," he says. "When I saw the virus sequences, I knew that we were dealing with something completely different and potentially very important." pic.twitter.com/HT3Yt6djFd
5) “On its own, the appearance of a new variant in genomic databases doesn’t tell us much. “That’s just one genome amongst thousands every week. It wouldn’t necessarily stick out,” says Oliver Pybus, a professor of evolution and infectious disease at Oxford.
😭
The new answer to a 77-year-old problem in data analysis, published today in @naturemethods. Instead of significance tests, use estimation graphics. Our software suite DABEST makes it easy for everyone to visualize effect sizes.https://t.co/UzwXJ7EUC5 pic.twitter.com/VtxyY0xaRM
— Adam Claridge-Chang (@adamcchang) June 19, 2019
https://t.co/hm9NoaU4nr
Open letter to journal editors: dynamite plots must die. Dynamite plots, also known as bar and line graphs, hide important information. Editors should require authors to show readers the data and avoid these plots. https://t.co/0GNKEIUCJL pic.twitter.com/OS9ytEFRZN
— Rafael Irizarry (@rafalab) February 22, 2019
https://t.co/8fKDiKjSWc
Couldn't find D3 code for grouped horisontal box plots that show data points so I made this @mbostock @thisisalfie https://t.co/cQjDPhyZdw pic.twitter.com/y6RNmDB2p3
— Ulrik Lyngs (@ulyngs) June 28, 2017
https://t.co/jkaicC1F2x
made a pkg for pirate plots in ggplot: add any of points/means/bars/CIs/violins \u2013 better than ye olde bar/box plotshttps://t.co/Z2m2kW3hsl pic.twitter.com/npAirPQexM
— Mika Braginsky (@mbraginsky) September 28, 2017
https://t.co/PpxWT4Jef4
See the new #PowerBI visual awesomeness for data points & sources, box-&-whisker plots! https://t.co/dOmgoxWfDE pic.twitter.com/HAUOAMJEJW
— Microsoft Power BI (@MSPowerBI) February 1, 2016
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Mr. Patrick, one of the chief scientists at the Army Biological Warfare Laboratories at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Md., held five classified US patents for the process of weaponizing anthrax.
2/x
Under Mr. Patrick’s direction, scientists at Fort Detrick developed a tularemia agent that, if disseminated by airplane, could cause casualties & sickness over 1000s mi². In a 10,000 mi² range, it had 90% casualty rate & 50% fatality rate
3/x His team explored Q fever, plague, & Venezuelan equine encephalitis, testing more than 20 anthrax strains to discern most lethal variety. Fort Detrick scientists used aerosol spray systems inside fountain pens, walking sticks, light bulbs, & even in 1953 Mercury exhaust pipes
4/x After retiring in 1986, Mr. Patrick remained one of the world’s foremost specialists on biological warfare & was a consultant to the CIA, FBI, & US military. He debriefed Soviet defector Ken Alibek, the deputy chief of the Soviet biowarfare program
https://t.co/sHqSaTSqtB
5/x Back in Time
In 1949 the Army created a small team of chemists at "Camp Detrick" called Special Operations Division. Its assignment was to find military uses for toxic bacteria. The coercive use of toxins was a new field, which fascinated Allen Dulles, later head of the CIA