1/10. Several clinical trials have shown that the mean nasal mucociliary clearance is negatively and significantly affected by cigarette smoking (PMIDs: 24669080, 3787531, 23615315,

@ChaunceyGardner 2/10. Ciliary beat frequency is also significantly affected by smoking habit. A reduced nasal ciliary beat frequency was observed among smoking individuals in a cohort study performed in a British urban population (PMID: 9669071).
@ChaunceyGardner 3/10. In vitro, using human 3D epithelial cultures, cigarette smoke affects the cilia beat frequency in nasal and bronchial tissue cultures (PMIDs: 33220401, 30090531). In vivo, smoke exposure also affects cilia beat frequency in mice (PMID: 20042711).
@ChaunceyGardner 4/10. Given the consistency of these observations, and the dose response (e.g. PMID: 23615315), these mucociliary clearance-related endpoints are translational between human clinical, human in vitro and in vivo animal studies.
@ChaunceyGardner 5/10. Smoking cessation leads to an improvement of mucociliary clearance (PMIDs: 21545372, 24863424, https://t.co/BmFu2AnabI). Hence, the cilia function recovers over time following smoking cessation (as you wrote in your Tweet).
@ChaunceyGardner 6/10. Now, the important question: How does switching to a heated tobacco product or an e-vapor product affect mucociliary clearance and cilia function?
@ChaunceyGardner 7/10. In vitro, these product aerosols do not significantly affect cilia function (PMIDs: 33220401, 30090531).
@ChaunceyGardner 8/10. In humans, switching to these products leads to an improvement of mucociliary clearance similar to that following smoking cessation (https://t.co/BmFu2AnabI).
@ChaunceyGardner 9/10. Why is this important? Impaired mucociliary clearance predisposes COPD patients to exacerbations (PMIDs: 32640859, 25389352), and cessation reduces the number of these exacerbations.
@ChaunceyGardner 10/10. Similar to cessation, switching to an e-vapor (PMID: 33101622) or heated tobacco product (https://t.co/LhS1PP3GMt; https://t.co/X9IIN4HfWK) reduces the number of exacerbations and improves the patients’ CAT score.

More from Health

You gotta think about this one carefully!

Imagine you go to the doctor and get tested for a rare disease (only 1 in 10,000 people get it.)

The test is 99% effective in detecting both sick and healthy people.

Your test comes back positive.

Are you really sick? Explain below 👇

The most complete answer from every reply so far is from Dr. Lena. Thanks for taking the time and going through


You can get the answer using Bayes' theorem, but let's try to come up with it in a different —maybe more intuitive— way.

👇


Here is what we know:

- Out of 10,000 people, 1 is sick
- Out of 100 sick people, 99 test positive
- Out of 100 healthy people, 99 test negative

Assuming 1 million people take the test (including you):

- 100 of them are sick
- 999,900 of them are healthy

👇

Let's now test both groups, starting with the 100 people sick:

▫️ 99 of them will be diagnosed (correctly) as sick (99%)

▫️ 1 of them is going to be diagnosed (incorrectly) as healthy (1%)

👇
This is the $1mln question still without an answer: why were these workers cleaning bat guano from that abandoned mine?

Surprisingly we simply don't know.

China would have all interest in clarifying that point if for instance they were prospecting or selling guano. It did not.


What we know is that EcoHealth + WIV were sampling bat sites in the vicinity at the exact time of the workers being in that mine.

#DRASTIC wrote about this and about other oddities in the official story:

Maybe it's just one of these coincidences.

Then it gets interesting: about a year after the miners death, Olival & Epstein from EcoHealth Alliance co-authored a paper about the coronavirus risk infection from bat guano collection.

No mention of the

That paper oddly used some old bat samples collected by DARPA in 2006/7 at the famous Thai bat cave.

It never mentioned that the Thai monks have been doing this every Sunday for many many years without infection.

But most interestingly it never mentioned the Mojiang mine accident, even if the perfect timing and recycling of old DARPA bat samples seem to point to a likely knowledge of it.

Anyway, the idea was to ask for more money, as you correctly

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