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EV Battery overview
Batteries are the key differentiator between the various EV manufacturers. The amount of energy stored in the battery determines the range of the EV, thought to be a major limitation on EV sales.

 Consumers tend to worry that an EV with a range of 80 to 250 miles on a single charge would be inconvenient for long trips due to the time it takes to recharge the battery. Commercial batteries need to ensure there is quick recharge and less time between charges
The lithium-ion battery is important because it makes EVs expensive than ICEs. Battery costs per kilowatt-hour (kWh) declined from roughly $1,000 per kWh in 2010 to $227 in 2016
Lithium-ion batteries made up 70 percent of the rechargeable battery market in 2016
BNEF projects that global production capacity for lithium-ion batteries will increase from 103 gigawatt-hours (GWh) in the first quarter of 2017 to 273 GWh by 2021.
The battery manufacturing supply chain has three main parts:

cell manufacturing,

module manufacturing, and

pack assembly.
The smallest, but most important, component of the lithium-ion batteries that power EVs is the

electrochemical cell,

which consists of three major parts: a cathode and an anode separated physically but connected electrically by an electrolyte.
A battery’s discharge results from the diffusion of lithium ions from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte.
$TSLA Tesla produces its own modules and packs at both its “Gigafactory,” which opened in Nevada in 2017, and at its vehicle assembly plant in Fremont, California.

Tesla’s battery packs use cells from Gigafactory, while cells for the Model S & X are produced by Panasonic
The anode is typically made of graphite, while the electrolyte typically consists of organic carbonate solvents with dissolved lithium salts.
The anode is physically and electronically isolated from the cathode by a separator, often a thin porous plastic film through which the liquid electrolyte permeates.
The cathode has the most variation in its different form. 20 percent of the total cost of a finished lithium-ion battery pack comes from the cell stage of production.
Cells are assembled only as an intermediate good as part of the larger battery assembly process, for insertion into both EV batteries and batteries for other uses. Cells make up 75 percent of the cost of a battery pack, on average.
Multiple cells in a case with terminals attached form a module.
EV battery packs are the final stage of EV battery production. Battery packs consist of battery modules, electrical connections, and cooling equipment. 14 percent of the total cost of a finished lithium-ion battery pack comes from the pack stage of production.
Battery manufacturers design EV battery packs for specific vehicle models and tend to assemble them near the vehicle assembly plant.
Graphite is used in the anode of many EVs.
LG Chem batteries were a common brand of batteries among vehicles sold in the US. LG Chem assembles packs in Michigan and South Korea for Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler using Korean or U.S.-made cells, depending on the model.
Today battery packs cost $10–$12K depending on their capacity. Low battery prices are the key to unlock more affordable, higher volume electric cars.
$TSLA is aiming to reduce the cost of future packs to less than $6,000, which would put the cell cost at well under $100/kWh.
Other Battery manufacturers that supply to EV customers include CATL, Toshiba, Samsung SDI, BYD
In my next thread I will outline the new challengers, $QS, $THCB (Microvast), A123 Systems.

The current leaders are:
CATL $CATL
BYD $BYDDF
Guoxuan
Lishen Battery
AVIC Lithium Battery
Glossary:
1. ICE - Internal Combustion Engine
2. EV - Electric Vehicle
3. BNEF - Bloomberg New Energy Finance

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In that spirit, here's some quick Things Many People Find Too Obvious To Have Told You Already.

Your idea is not valuable, at all. All value is in the execution. You think you are an exception; you are not. You should not insist on an NDA to talk about it; nobody serious will engage in contract review over an idea, and this will mark you as clueless.

Technologists tend to severely underestimate the difficulty and expense of creating software, especially at companies which do not have fully staffed industry leading engineering teams ("because software is so easy there, amirite guys?")

Charge more. Charge more still. Go on.

The press is a lossy and biased compression of events in the actual world, and is singularly consumed with its own rituals, status games, and incentives. The news necessarily fails to capture almost everything which happened yesterday. What it says is important usually isn't.

Companies find it incredibly hard to reliably staff positions with hard-working generalists who operate autonomously and have high risk tolerances. This is not the modal employee, including at places which are justifiably proud of the skill/diligence/etc of their employees.
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Fun going down this list and thinking: "Hmm, plausible at a well-run modern software shop", "Hmm, possible, but requires implausible tradeoffs", "Literally disallowed by languages", and "If you were to attempt doing that our test suite wouldn't let you merge."

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Ruby has wonderful developer ergonomics. Typed languages are easier for machines to guarantee the correctness of. We built a type checker for Ruby (and I believe it is slated for OSS release sometime).

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Zuckerberg: "One of my biggest lessons from this year is that when you connect more than 2 billion people, you’re going to see the good and bad of humanity."

This is how Facebook says it's trying to change the engagement pattern on its services. https://t.co/3p0PGc912o


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(6) There is however an amazing Principal Developer at our company that found some of the claims from their website as dubious, e.g. ACID claims on such a distributed file system
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1/People I know on the Right tend to be obsessed with the idea of "crimethink", taboos, and the (supposedly) oppressive, omnipresent enforcement of liberal cultural norms.

Why?

My new theory: A lot of it is guilt.

2/It's true that in some circles - the media, universities, many big corporations - liberal norms *are* enforced to some degree, and the enforcement has probably gotten stronger in recent years.

But I don't think this explains all of the Right's obsession.

3/The stereotype is that people on the Right tend to be more threat-sensitive. That would help explain the perception that liberal norm-enforcers are lurking everywhere, ready to pounce and anathematize anyone who makes a misstep.

But I don't think that's all of it either.

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5/The reason I think it's more than these things is that even *in private*, people on the Right express their "crimethink" ideas very gingerly and hesitantly.

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The last Hindu king of Pakistan.

The name Amarkot is known to all in our subcontinent as the birthplace of Emperor Akbar. When Humayun was fleeing from Sher Shah, Rana Prasad of Amarkot sheltered him and this is where Emperor Akbar was born.

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They have always maintained friendly relations with the rulers. The Mughal court and the Rana of Amarkot had special respect because Emperor Akbar was born in the shelter of Amarkot Raj. They did not even have to attend court regularly.

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Dara Shikohar provided Rana supplies to Amarkot during his expedition to Kandahar.
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