BC HISTORY
Saved by @Alex1Powell

European historians use a comparative notion of “balance of probabilities” when claiming knowledge transmission from Europe (Greece) to #India, but insist on the absolute notion of “beyond all reasonable doubt” for reverse transmission from India into #Europe. #decolonisation

 They use this double standard to sustain a Eurocentric history writing against their dialogical competitors, even in situations where application of this principle would make a stronger case for East-to-West transmission.
This strategy has been used to perpetuate the racist notion that all knowledge flowed from ancient Europe.

For example, Neugebauer in 1962 used “priority, accessible communication routes and methodological similarities” to prove his belief that the astronomy contained
in the Indian Siddhantas had Greek origins, with Zero direct documentary evidence.

Similarly, Van der Waerden (1976) combined this approach with his much-criticized “hypothesis of common origin,” to claim that Bhaskara II’s work on 'Diophantine equations' originate from
an 'unknown' Greek manuscript that was available to Bhaskara and his students.

Later in 1983, he used the same approach to claim that Aryabhata’s trigonometry was borrowed from the Greeks
on the basis of a 12th CE Arabic version of Ptolemy’s astronomical text called Almagest.
This late Arabic text (The original Greek text is 'not available') translated to Greek is bound to have an accretion of 12th CE knowledge especially of sections concerning star locations that were given much attention by Islamic astronomers.
Similarly in 1973, G.H.Toomer claimed that the R sine table given by #Aryabhaṭa was derived from Hipparchus's Table of Chords.
But there was no evidence for the existence of such a table. So what did Toomer do? He simply invented the table!
Toomer constructed a non-existent 'Table of Chords of Hipparchus' but ultimately failed as his construction did not lead to the numbers used by 'Ptolemy' (and ascribed to 'Hipparchus').
The natural conclusion should have been that no relationship exists between the numbers of Hipparchus and Aryabhaṭa.

Instead what does Toomer do? He said his numbers did not match those by Hipparchus because Hipparchus had made a mistake!
This is the zeal these racist historians went to prove the non-originality and the indebtedness of Aryabhaṭa to Hipparchus.

For Toomer and the world, this academic jugglery is conclusive proof that Aryabhaṭa borrowed from Hipparchus!
Meanwhile, European historians continued to obfuscate and suppress non-European origins of scientific knowledge.

For example, they have now anointed #Diophantus as the founder of #Algebra.
https://t.co/Prp6AYByhv
But guess what? Diophantus 'himself' had acknowledged Indians and Arabs for his knowledge of #algebra!

A first person account for this comes from Rafael Bombelli, who first translated Diophantus's Arithmetica from Greek to Latin.
Bombelli wrote, "in this work (Arithmetica), we have found that he (Diophantus) has cited Indian authors many times, and thus I have been made aware that this discipline (Algebra) belonged to the Indians before the Arabs".
This written statement by Arithmetica's first translator was later suppressed by Europeans to perpetuate their racist notions of European and Christian supremacy.
https://t.co/6pxWVCyv4F
It is high time a state-supported effort is undertaken to unearth the truth behind these and other European claims to knowledge.
Kindly set up a 'Commission for decolonization' to advise the govt on school curriculum. @DrRPNishank @narendramodi @vijai63
I end this thread with #CKRaju's words-

"...you provide ZERO EVIDENCE. Stories without evidence are called myths, especially if they have been around for long. A web of interwoven myths is one in which one myth supports another, but the whole has no evidence."
C K Raju continues, "This is a common propagandist strategy to cloud the mind. ...your mind is clouded with myths. All Western history of science is in the dock. ...repeating its stories is NOT a valid defense." #decolonisation
https://t.co/2ECyNx7Goa
The #thread is based on the writings of George G. Joseph, C K Raju, Subhash Kak and Narahari Achar.

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Wallelign wrote that, while some call the question of nationalities "tribalism" - it is in fact "nationalism." Ethiopia is not one nation, he wrote, “it is made up of a dozen nationalities with their own languages, ways of dressing, social organization and territorial entity.”


Culture is nothing more than the superstructure of an economic basis that presupposes subjugation of the peasantry and proletariat. To be a “genuine Ethiopian” one has to speak Amharic and adhere to their culture. One must “wear an Amhara mask”- to use Frantz Fanon's terminology.


A common refute to the Neftegna system, whereby Abyssinian elites took lands from southern peoples, was that there are Amhara and Tigray masses in poverty. Another centred on representational politics. In reality, the feudal system oppressed all, but some groups more than others.


While Abyssinians are not dominant because of inherent imperialist tendencies, this is no excuse to perpetuate this situation. The only way forward is a state where every nationality is given equal opportunity to preserve and develop its language, culture and self-administration.
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So I have a funny story about Governor General Jules Leger. I was working in the gardens on the grounds as a summer student in 1972 (might have been 1973, I can't quite remember, but it was the first year that women were hired as labourers by the NCC).1/

One of the things that we had to do was rake The pebble gravel on the paths and that was my task this particular day. I was out raking when I saw a Columbo type man dressed in a fedora and a crumpled raincoat approach me.2/

At that time the grounds were open to the public so it wasn't particularly surprising to have someone wander up and we chatted. I realized that he had recently had a stroke and that his English, while fluent, was a little slow. 3/

Anyway, we had a very nice chat and the next time I saw him in the garden, I showed him some baby rabbits that had a nest in the front rotundra. He thought they were pretty adorable.4/

I was able to pick one up for him to hold, but it was difficult for him because one of his hands was quite paralyzed. Anyway, he thought this was very lovely and our regular chats continued.4/
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As America celebrates its defeat of an authoritarian in the middle of consolidating power, it is critical to stay vigilant.

In my @BylineTimes interview with historian @ruthbenghiat she cautions these so-called “strongmen” often remain in the party’s

1/ Historian Ruth Ben-Ghiat’s latest book, Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present, details the precise moment in time when fascism was born.

2/ “World War One was this cataclysmic change,” she told Byline Times. “Multiple empires fell, including the Russian Empire, Hapsburg Empire, the Ottoman Empire. It created death on a scale no one had seen before. It created wounds no one had seen before because of new weapons.”

3/ In addition, the Great War led to a profound crisis in maleness.

4/ “It created this entire class of men who were damaged, many were killed, and it created this huge crisis of masculinity,” she said. “So fascist rulers came up during this crisis period of unrest and instability in their individual countries and Italy was first.”
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Cory Doctorow #BLM
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As the Qanon prophecies fail and the cult-members struggle to resolve their cognitive dissonance, it's a good time to revisit the history of paranoid, conspiratorial political movements in American history - the "paranoid style" that has dominated since the Revolution.

1/


After all, the very first skirmishes of the US war of independence were based on a conspiracy theory: that the levy on tea was a prelude to a sellout of the colonists to transnational mercantalist interests. US politics have always been conspiratorial.

2/

I found @zacharykarabell's @politico history of the Know Nothing party especially useful, as it tells the story of what happens when surging, paranoid, fractious political movements

The American Party was a secret 19th century organization founded on a conspiracy theory: that Irish immigrants were secretly planning a takeover of the US on behalf of the Pope.

4/
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@tribelaw Hi, Germany 🇩🇪 here again.
[Thread.]
In the 1970's West Germany suffered from severe series of domestic terrorism.
The Rote Armee Fraktion RAF.
Their attacks on capitalism, targeted Bankers, Politicians, Embassies. To finance, they were committing robbery, killing police.
... /1

October 20, 1977, former chancellor Helmut Schmidt held a speech on the responsibility of the democracy to protect his citizens, as also had been outlined by the German Supreme Court.
He said :
... /2

"The Federal Constitutional Court did in the early Morning hours of October 16 on behalf of ours People recognized for right: Articles 1 and 2 of ours Of the Basic Law oblige the state to to protect life. This duty to protect is full.
.../3

She commands the state to protect itself and to put it in front of this life in a promoting way; this means above all, it also protects against unlawful attacks by Preserving the pages of others.
... /4

Have at this commandment all state organs, depending on their particular Tasks, align.
All state organs!
... /5
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#talesofkrishna https://t.co/E85MTPkF9W


Now Suniti was the daughter of a tribal chief while Suruchi was the daughter of a rich king. Hence Suruchi was always favored the most by Raja while Suniti was ignored. But while Suniti was gentle & kind hearted by nature Suruchi was venomous inside.
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It is said that the one who bears the dust thrown from the hoof of Gaumata on his head, as if taking a bath in the water of the teerth sthalam and getting rid of all sins.


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Aghnya —— the one that ought not to be killed
Ahi —— the one that must not be slaughtered.
Aditi —— the one that ought not to be cut into pieces.

These three names of cow signify that this is an animal which should not to be put to tortures. These words appear frequently throughout the Veda in context of the cow.

But in due course the falsehood of killing cows spread far and wide and they became even more deep rooted when western scholars with their half baked knowledge of Sanskrit transliterated these interpretations of commentaries of Sayanacharya ,
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You consume the poison & destroy your reality while your attacker sleeps like a baby.
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