1/10. Several clinical trials have shown that the mean nasal mucociliary clearance is negatively and significantly affected by cigarette smoking (PMIDs: 24669080, 3787531, 23615315,

@ChaunceyGardner 2/10. Ciliary beat frequency is also significantly affected by smoking habit. A reduced nasal ciliary beat frequency was observed among smoking individuals in a cohort study performed in a British urban population (PMID: 9669071).
@ChaunceyGardner 3/10. In vitro, using human 3D epithelial cultures, cigarette smoke affects the cilia beat frequency in nasal and bronchial tissue cultures (PMIDs: 33220401, 30090531). In vivo, smoke exposure also affects cilia beat frequency in mice (PMID: 20042711).
@ChaunceyGardner 4/10. Given the consistency of these observations, and the dose response (e.g. PMID: 23615315), these mucociliary clearance-related endpoints are translational between human clinical, human in vitro and in vivo animal studies.
@ChaunceyGardner 5/10. Smoking cessation leads to an improvement of mucociliary clearance (PMIDs: 21545372, 24863424, https://t.co/BmFu2AnabI). Hence, the cilia function recovers over time following smoking cessation (as you wrote in your Tweet).
@ChaunceyGardner 6/10. Now, the important question: How does switching to a heated tobacco product or an e-vapor product affect mucociliary clearance and cilia function?
@ChaunceyGardner 7/10. In vitro, these product aerosols do not significantly affect cilia function (PMIDs: 33220401, 30090531).
@ChaunceyGardner 8/10. In humans, switching to these products leads to an improvement of mucociliary clearance similar to that following smoking cessation (https://t.co/BmFu2AnabI).
@ChaunceyGardner 9/10. Why is this important? Impaired mucociliary clearance predisposes COPD patients to exacerbations (PMIDs: 32640859, 25389352), and cessation reduces the number of these exacerbations.
@ChaunceyGardner 10/10. Similar to cessation, switching to an e-vapor (PMID: 33101622) or heated tobacco product (https://t.co/LhS1PP3GMt; https://t.co/X9IIN4HfWK) reduces the number of exacerbations and improves the patients’ CAT score.

More from Health

Now you know I love to sh-t in Harvard. But I also like accuracy. So I decided to go look at Harvard’s catalog to see its lack of military history that this article describes (they only teach history of pets it claims) and what I found shocked me! Shocked me! A thread: 1/


First off, Harvard students literally have multiple sections of military history that they can take listed. (It appears these ones are taught at MIT, so they might have to walk down the street for these) but... 2/


Say they want to stay on campus...they can only take numerous classes on war and diplomacy...3/


They have an entire class on Yalta. That’s right. An entire class on Yalta. 4/


But wait! There is more! They can take the British Empire, The Fall of the Roman Empire for those wanting traditional topics... 5/
You gotta think about this one carefully!

Imagine you go to the doctor and get tested for a rare disease (only 1 in 10,000 people get it.)

The test is 99% effective in detecting both sick and healthy people.

Your test comes back positive.

Are you really sick? Explain below 👇

The most complete answer from every reply so far is from Dr. Lena. Thanks for taking the time and going through


You can get the answer using Bayes' theorem, but let's try to come up with it in a different —maybe more intuitive— way.

👇


Here is what we know:

- Out of 10,000 people, 1 is sick
- Out of 100 sick people, 99 test positive
- Out of 100 healthy people, 99 test negative

Assuming 1 million people take the test (including you):

- 100 of them are sick
- 999,900 of them are healthy

👇

Let's now test both groups, starting with the 100 people sick:

▫️ 99 of them will be diagnosed (correctly) as sick (99%)

▫️ 1 of them is going to be diagnosed (incorrectly) as healthy (1%)

👇

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IMPORTANCE, ADVANTAGES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BHAGWAT PURAN

It was Ved Vyas who edited the eighteen thousand shlokas of Bhagwat. This book destroys all your sins. It has twelve parts which are like kalpvraksh.

In the first skandh, the importance of Vedvyas


and characters of Pandavas are described by the dialogues between Suutji and Shaunakji. Then there is the story of Parikshit.
Next there is a Brahm Narad dialogue describing the avtaar of Bhagwan. Then the characteristics of Puraan are mentioned.

It also discusses the evolution of universe.(
https://t.co/2aK1AZSC79 )

Next is the portrayal of Vidur and his dialogue with Maitreyji. Then there is a mention of Creation of universe by Brahma and the preachings of Sankhya by Kapil Muni.


In the next section we find the portrayal of Sati, Dhruv, Pruthu, and the story of ancient King, Bahirshi.
In the next section we find the character of King Priyavrat and his sons, different types of loks in this universe, and description of Narak. ( https://t.co/gmDTkLktKS )


In the sixth part we find the portrayal of Ajaamil ( https://t.co/LdVSSNspa2 ), Daksh and the birth of Marudgans( https://t.co/tecNidVckj )

In the seventh section we find the story of Prahlad and the description of Varnashram dharma. This section is based on karma vaasna.