There are essentially 2 methods to calculate GDP of a country. Both methods ultimately tries to measure the total value of goods and services produced in the country during a particular period.
2/n
A simple thread to understand the meaning of investment cycle (Gross Fixed Capital Formation) in the economy and why it is important?
Which sectors can benefit in such cycle and why?
Do share if you find it useful.
1/n
There are essentially 2 methods to calculate GDP of a country. Both methods ultimately tries to measure the total value of goods and services produced in the country during a particular period.
2/n
2. Expenditure method of GDP calculation takes into account all purchases of goods and services in the country.
3/n
consumer spending(C), government spending (G),
business investment spending (I), and net exports (x-m)
Formula:
GDP = C + I + G + (X − M) is the formula for EXPENDITURE method of GDP.
4/n
This is known as "Gross Fixed Capital Formation"
5/n
6/n
A rise in GFCF contributes towards higher aggregate demand and most importantly also increases productive capacity of the economy.
7/n
The construction of this manufacturing plant will lead to expenditure of cement, steel, machinery, etc.
This is the 1st level of demand creation by such investment which helps the GDP grow.
8/n
This way, investment in manufacturing plant led to rise in demand and also increased productivity at the same time.
9/n
An investment in a manufacturing plant will be more impactful than constructing a residential building. While both are important, the multiplier impact is higher of the former.
10/n
If more resources are spent on capital goods, it leads to a decline in consumption of consumer goods.
11/n
If instead of spending on investment, the company gave cash bonuses to its employees or dividends to shareholders, it may lead to some immediate spurt in consumption of goods.
12/n
But when it does, in the long run, it also creates supply thereby doesn't push inflation up.
Distributing cash instead of investing, may lead to demand pull inflation.
13/n
It creates quality and more sustainable growth environment in the economy.
14/n
Countries with higher rate of growth are heavily investing in more fixed assets formation to enable rapid economic growth. China has one of the highest rates of gross fixed capital formation.
15/n
On the other hand, developed countries like UK and US are more geared towards consumption spending. All they want is inflation come back. 🙂
16/n
However, it has remained muted in last couple of years due to multiple issues.
17/n
Investments improved till 2013 but then took a back seat. This lead to fall in aggregate growth trend in last couple of years.
18/n
It will create demand and employment both, with control on inflation.
19/n
With real-estate cycle turning, even household my spend more on buying properties and thereby aid household GFCF cycle.
20/n
More from Finance
1/18 After 3 months, @saffronfinance_ is no longer new on the scene. Now that the kid has climbed the ranks, it's time to see if he can hang with the big boys.
Below are some updated thoughts on potential integrations, improvements, and innovations for Saffron moving forward. ⬇️
2/18 First, if you haven't seen @Privatechad_'s alpha-leaking introductory thread, you should check it out.
I agree that @AlphaFinanceLab and @CreamdotFinance, specifically the Iron Bank, would be ideal targets for SFI risk tranches.
3/18 Speaking more broadly, Saffron is primarily integrated with @compoundfinance, which has served as a MVP of sorts.
The thing is, Compound is one of the safest (but also lowest yield) protocols in DeFi, so it's not surprising that there isn't much demand for the sen. tranche.
4/18 Expanding beyond Compound to higher-risk/higher-return protocols has always been key.
These protocols are the bread-and-butter target market for Saffron, and I would expect to see a surge in demand for senior tranche staking in these
5/18 Additionally, @DeFiGod1 convinced me that Senior Tranche pools would be more appealing if they offered fixed yield.
Essentially, Saffron would augment the product offerings of @Barn_Bridge by also offering senior stakers insurance in the form of junior tranche collateral.
Below are some updated thoughts on potential integrations, improvements, and innovations for Saffron moving forward. ⬇️
1/11 @saffronfinance_ ($SFI) is DeFi's new kid on the block with its tranched yield product that is already live with DAI on @compoundfinance. https://t.co/JpqnxhwrDw
— Benjamin Simon (@benjaminsimon97) November 19, 2020
2/18 First, if you haven't seen @Privatechad_'s alpha-leaking introductory thread, you should check it out.
I agree that @AlphaFinanceLab and @CreamdotFinance, specifically the Iron Bank, would be ideal targets for SFI risk tranches.
15/. 3. Though not the focus atm, interest from various projects and integrations are happening.
— Private Chad (@Privatechad_) February 1, 2021
* Chainlink reached out (props to the amazing $LINK team).
* Talks with $ALPHA and rumored upon V2 releases there will be a collaboration.
*Cream integrations in v2
* $COMP tranches pic.twitter.com/IXCtzvSkw7
3/18 Speaking more broadly, Saffron is primarily integrated with @compoundfinance, which has served as a MVP of sorts.
The thing is, Compound is one of the safest (but also lowest yield) protocols in DeFi, so it's not surprising that there isn't much demand for the sen. tranche.
4/18 Expanding beyond Compound to higher-risk/higher-return protocols has always been key.
These protocols are the bread-and-butter target market for Saffron, and I would expect to see a surge in demand for senior tranche staking in these
4/11 Imo, the golden egg will be vault platforms like @iearnfinance, @picklefinance, etc.
— Benjamin Simon (@benjaminsimon97) November 19, 2020
Recently, some of these higher risk platforms (e.g. @harvest_finance) have been hit with a wave of attacks.
Saffron will enable cautious investors to use these products with peace of mind.
5/18 Additionally, @DeFiGod1 convinced me that Senior Tranche pools would be more appealing if they offered fixed yield.
Essentially, Saffron would augment the product offerings of @Barn_Bridge by also offering senior stakers insurance in the form of junior tranche collateral.
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This is a pretty valiant attempt to defend the "Feminist Glaciology" article, which says conventional wisdom is wrong, and this is a solid piece of scholarship. I'll beg to differ, because I think Jeffery, here, is confusing scholarship with "saying things that seem right".
The article is, at heart, deeply weird, even essentialist. Here, for example, is the claim that proposing climate engineering is a "man" thing. Also a "man" thing: attempting to get distance from a topic, approaching it in a disinterested fashion.
Also a "man" thing—physical courage. (I guess, not quite: physical courage "co-constitutes" masculinist glaciology along with nationalism and colonialism.)
There's criticism of a New York Times article that talks about glaciology adventures, which makes a similar point.
At the heart of this chunk is the claim that glaciology excludes women because of a narrative of scientific objectivity and physical adventure. This is a strong claim! It's not enough to say, hey, sure, sounds good. Is it true?
Imagine for a moment the most obscurantist, jargon-filled, po-mo article the politically correct academy might produce. Pure SJW nonsense. Got it? Chances are you're imagining something like the infamous "Feminist Glaciology" article from a few years back.https://t.co/NRaWNREBvR pic.twitter.com/qtSFBYY80S
— Jeffrey Sachs (@JeffreyASachs) October 13, 2018
The article is, at heart, deeply weird, even essentialist. Here, for example, is the claim that proposing climate engineering is a "man" thing. Also a "man" thing: attempting to get distance from a topic, approaching it in a disinterested fashion.
Also a "man" thing—physical courage. (I guess, not quite: physical courage "co-constitutes" masculinist glaciology along with nationalism and colonialism.)
There's criticism of a New York Times article that talks about glaciology adventures, which makes a similar point.
At the heart of this chunk is the claim that glaciology excludes women because of a narrative of scientific objectivity and physical adventure. This is a strong claim! It's not enough to say, hey, sure, sounds good. Is it true?
https://t.co/6cRR2B3jBE
Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms—both externally and within the host.
https://t.co/FBfXhUrH5d
Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described.
...we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic & well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination.
Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination.
Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms—both externally and within the host.
https://t.co/FBfXhUrH5d
Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described.
...we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic & well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination.
Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination.
