Yudhisthira’s inquisitive dialogue with Bhishma, which takes place here, spans Shanti and Anushasana parvans of the Mahabharata.
14 Reasons for Sadness According to Mahabharata
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A Long Thread
Yudhisthira’s inquisitive dialogue with Bhishma, which takes place here, spans Shanti and Anushasana parvans of the Mahabharata.
Bhishma’s answer is comprehensive, it nearly spans 18 shlokas. The reasons he enlists are both intrinsic and extrinsic in nature.
Despite of worldly comforts, when one is in a foreign land, away from home and away from the loved ones, one feels a gnawing loneliness. That makes them long and yearn.
(In Welsh language, there is a beautiful word that captures this longing for home – hiraeth)
May be because of personal flaws, but when a person is deserted by their friends and loved ones, then the home itself feels like a foreign land, and that thus makes the person sad.
Sometimes even when a person has been noble and kind, and if their friends treat them badly, then that does lead to anguish.
Rich and influential people, who might not be as good a human being as you are, if they treat you with disrespect and apathy, sometimes that leads to pain.
Oft despite being a learned, honourable, and capable person, one does not receive the justified rewards. Yet when the undeserving ones do, this leads to resentment.
(In human resource management, there is expectancy theory of motivation, which is similar in nature)
When one does not have proper means of livelihood (lack of a unique skill), it makes one anxious.
And yet if the person is too proud to ask for a helping hand out of false sense of self-respect, it leads to suffering.
When your generosity and goodness of heart is perceived to be your weakness by those who benefit from the very qualities, when they take it for granted, and in turn reduce you in your own eyes, it causes deep anguish.
When a learned and deserving person is belittled and insulted by those who lack knowledge and kindness, it could cut deep and cause them pain
When an enemy behaves like a friend, earns trust, and then eventually betrays; this manipulation and betrayal leads to resentment and anguish.
A person understands the material world well, has a knack of explaining complex phenomena well, and yet if the person is ignored and belittled by the learned and the respected, it leads to pain.
Devoid of money and devoid of intelligence, when one still aspires for higher things and fails due to own shortcomings, it leads to sorrow and suffering.
Familial troubles such as the lack of harmonious relations with the family, disapproval of your decisions by your own family, betrayals and malice by sons and sons-in-laws can lead to deep pain.
If the money a person has set aside for retirement is stolen, and they have to depend on unworthy people of subsistence, it makes the person anxious, afraid and awkward.
A person dear to you has been distant and angry due to their own doing/misunderstanding, and you are unable to pacify them and make amends, it leads to suffering.
In the lecture, Dr. Apte points out a poignant juxtaposition.
https://t.co/RQ2Nhq2fGN
** The 3rd batch of "18 Parvans of Mahabharata - Introduction to the Incredible Epic" begins on 07 Oct. 2021. **https://t.co/J8SbQvBdAq
— Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (@BhandarkarI) September 20, 2021
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Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms—both externally and within the host.
https://t.co/FBfXhUrH5d
Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described.
...we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic & well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination.
Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination.
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