A thread:

1 GOs don't require the use of images. From my reading, DCT is about the use of images paired with words, to aid retrieval. And as @olivcav has pointed out, Pavio worked with simple ideas and concepts.

2 Most of the research into GOs appears to be unhelpful. Hattie lumped all visual strategies together and reported his finding under the heading, concept maps.
3 Fiorella and Mayer, in LaGA, report that mapping, while having a medium-to-high effect size, also take a long time to complete and are difficult to construct.
4 Both studies appear to concentrate on concept maps and in doing so, omit 30+ other GOs. All of which, I argue, are less complicated to read and construct. Skipping over all GOs, to begin with concept maps, is like a ballerina being introduced to pirouettes before a plie.
5 In my opinion, Fiorella and Mayer’s boundary conditions of time and difficulty to construct, are nonsense.
6 Most teachers I speak to, consider CLT, the learning propensities of their students and their student's prior experiences of using GOs to decide how much scaffolding and modelling is required.
7 It's not that GOs are a fad or don't work. There is a case to be made that if teachers are to get the most out of using them they need to be shown how.
8 The word fad defines something short-lived. The British Philosopher, Bertrand Russell (1930s) suggested diagrams allow us to see the whole and it's parts simultaneously. Not that you can process everything, all at once, but that a diagram is a more efficient route to meaning.
9 In the 1970s British Neuroscientist, John O'Keefe discovered place cells in the hippocampus. Place cells track our place in space. A few decades later and two Norwegian scientists discovered grid cells in the entorhinal cortex.
10 Grid cells generate virtual maps of our surrounding environment. These studies won the Nobel Prize in 2014. There is a growing agreement between neuroscientists, cognitive scientists, linguists and psychologists, that the brain maps out ideas and memories like space.
11 https://t.co/Zrit7LcMM5
12 Why do place and grid cells matter? They help to explain the findings of Simon and Larkin in Why a Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth Ten Thousand Words. They proposed the notion of computational advantage, similar to Bertrand Russell’s earlier claims.
13 They also proposed the visuospatial argument. Information is spatially arranged and as a result, the information required to make inferences is present and explicit.
14 A reader of linear prose would have to navigate complex syntax to make such inferences. This, while draining their limited cognitive bandwidth.
15 A GO is a tool we can use in our External Memory Field. Supported by Sweller’s recent CLT and the inclusion of embodied cognition, Merlin Donald’s notion on an EXMF allows us to organise our thoughts outside of the mind. By doing so, we mitigate the limitations of our WM.

More from For later read

1. The death of Silicon Valley, a thread

How did Silicon Valley die? It was killed by the internet. I will explain.

Yesterday, my friend IRL asked me "Where are good old days when techies were


2. In the "good old days" Silicon Valley was about understanding technology. Silicon, to be precise. These were people who had to understand quantum mechanics, who had to build the near-miraculous devices that we now take for granted, and they had to work

3. Now, I love libertarians, and I share much of their political philosophy. But you have to be socially naive to believe that it has a chance in a real society. In those days, Silicon Valley was not a real society. It was populated by people who understood quantum mechanics

4. Then came the microcomputer revolution. It was created by people who understood how to build computers. One borderline case was Steve Jobs. People claimed that Jobs was surrounded by a "reality distortion field" - that's how good he was at understanding people, not things

5. Still, the heroes of Silicon Valley were the engineers. The people who knew how to build things. Steve Jobs, for all his understanding of people, also had quite a good understanding of technology. He had a libertarian vibe, and so did Silicon Valley
Wow, Morgan McSweeney again, Rachel Riley, SFFN, Center for Countering Digital Hate, Imran Ahmed, JLM, BoD, Angela Eagle, Tracy-Ann Oberman, Lisa Nandy, Steve Reed, Jon Cruddas, Trevor Chinn, Martin Taylor, Lord Ian Austin and Mark Lewis. #LabourLeaks #StarmerOut 24 tweet🧵

Morgan McSweeney, Keir Starmer’s chief of staff, launched the organisation that now runs SFFN.
The CEO Imran Ahmed worked closely with a number of Labour figures involved in the campaign to remove Jeremy as leader.

Rachel Riley is listed as patron.
https://t.co/nGY5QrwBD0


SFFN claims that it has been “a project of the Center For Countering Digital Hate” since 4 May 2020. The relationship between the two organisations, however, appears to date back far longer. And crucially, CCDH is linked to a number of figures on the Labour right. #LabourLeaks

Center for Countering Digital Hate registered at Companies House on 19 Oct 2018, the organisation’s only director was Morgan McSweeney – Labour leader Keir Starmer’s chief of staff. McSweeney was also the campaign manager for Liz Kendall’s leadership bid. #LabourLeaks #StarmerOut

Sir Keir - along with his chief of staff, Morgan McSweeney - held his first meeting with the Jewish Labour Movement (JLM). Deliberately used the “anti-Semitism” crisis as a pretext to vilify and then expel a leading pro-Corbyn activist in Brighton and Hove

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